Mens Skin Care by Nicholas Tan
Man skin care’ would seem like an alien topic to some men. It would have been even more alien a few years back. However, more and more men are now realising the importance of man skin care (and hence you see markets flush with man skin care products too). Even though the male skin is very different from that of a female, ‘man skin care’ is very similar to the skin care for women. ‘Man skin care’ too starts with cleansing. Water soluble cleansers are preferred.
Cleansing helps remove the dirt, grease and pollutants from the skin and helps in preventing pore clogging. The inherent oily nature of male skin makes cleansing an important part of man skin care procedure. Cleansing should be done at least once every day, even better if it is done twice a day. Using soap on the face is discouraged.
‘Man skin care’ revolves a lot around shaving. Shaving foam/gel/cream and after shave lotion are one of the most important man skin care products. Serious ‘man skin care’ requires a proper selection of shaving related equipment and products. One of the main considerations in choosing shaving products should be the skin type (since the degree of oiliness differs from person to person). Alcohol-based aftershaves should be avoided. Proper ‘man skin care’ also mandates the use of good quality razors. Here, swivel-head razors are preferred since they are known to reduce cuts. Besides these products and equipment, it is also necessary that you use them properly. Be gentle when using your razor. Do not scratch it against your skin; use a soft and smooth action (after all it’s a matter of removing hair, not the skin itself).
Male skin is generally thicker and oilier, owing to larger pores and more active sebaceous glands. However, due to regular shaving, the skin can get dehydrated quite easily. Hence moisturisers too form an integral part of man skin care. Moisturising gel or cream should be applied after shaving. In fact, some shaving foams/ gel have an in-built moisturising effect too. Moisturisers should be patted gently over the face and massaged gently using upward strokes.
Though a man’s skin is less susceptible to skin cancer caused by UV radiation, using a sunscreen is also an important man skin care measure. You can use a moisturiser that combines sunscreen with the moisturising effect.
Another good option for ‘man skin care’ is to use man skin care products which have natural ingredients like aloe vera, sea salt and coconut etc. Naturally antiseptic oils e.g. lavender, tea tree etc also provide good means for man skin care. Man skin care is not as difficult as a lot of men think. It just asks for a few minutes every day, in order to give you a healthy skin for present and for future.
Sunday, December 30, 2007
Tuesday, December 18, 2007
Antiaging Cream For Facial: Feel The Years Melt Away
Antiaging Cream For Facial: Feel The Years Melt Away By: Sarah Bright
Nothing feels better than when you apply a coat of antiaging cream on your facial skin.
That is because antiaging cream leaves your skin feeling great as you provide it with the necessary nourishment and vitamins it needs to reverse the much hated aging process.
After awhile of using the antiaging cream, you will notice that your wrinkles and fine lines seem to literally disappear from your face.
Your closed ones will be wondering what your secret is. And they have no idea you got the smooth skin simply from using a tube of antiaging cream.
Plastic Surgery And Botox Are For The Rich
There are various ways to have that youthful look. Plastic surgery is one but expensive, there is also the Botox which maybe be harmful to your body, and there are the creams.
Antiaging cream is of course alot cheaper. And it is easy too as you can just apply it to your face very morning and night.
The creams you applied to your face will soak into your skin, giving it what it needs to remain elastic and fresh. What you're left with is a younger and more vibrant looking appearance.
When you go out on the town, you always want to look your best. Looking your best, however, is more than just what you wear. When people look at you, they look at your face almost immediately.
Antiaging cream comes in the right time here. Go invest in the cream now.
The creams are affordable and can be purchased easily in your local store. Such cream has become so popular that most of the stores carry such products.
Our world has become youth obsessed - everyone want to look good. For this reason, antiaging creams have become very common.
They're a good investment for those people who want to continue to look younger, even as the years pass them by.
If you do not want to have dry and dead looking skin, then start applying the cream now.
You will feel the difference in no time.
By: Sarah Bright
Nothing feels better than when you apply a coat of antiaging cream on your facial skin.
That is because antiaging cream leaves your skin feeling great as you provide it with the necessary nourishment and vitamins it needs to reverse the much hated aging process.
After awhile of using the antiaging cream, you will notice that your wrinkles and fine lines seem to literally disappear from your face.
Your closed ones will be wondering what your secret is. And they have no idea you got the smooth skin simply from using a tube of antiaging cream.
Plastic Surgery And Botox Are For The Rich
There are various ways to have that youthful look. Plastic surgery is one but expensive, there is also the Botox which maybe be harmful to your body, and there are the creams.
Antiaging cream is of course alot cheaper. And it is easy too as you can just apply it to your face very morning and night.
The creams you applied to your face will soak into your skin, giving it what it needs to remain elastic and fresh. What you're left with is a younger and more vibrant looking appearance.
When you go out on the town, you always want to look your best. Looking your best, however, is more than just what you wear. When people look at you, they look at your face almost immediately.
Antiaging cream comes in the right time here. Go invest in the cream now.
The creams are affordable and can be purchased easily in your local store. Such cream has become so popular that most of the stores carry such products.
Our world has become youth obsessed - everyone want to look good. For this reason, antiaging creams have become very common.
They're a good investment for those people who want to continue to look younger, even as the years pass them by.
If you do not want to have dry and dead looking skin, then start applying the cream now.
You will feel the difference in no time.
By: Sarah Bright
Wednesday, December 12, 2007
Natural Anti-Aging Skin Care
Natural Anti-Aging Skin Care by: Jennifer Kays
Our skin is of vital importance to our health. Our skin is responsible for providing protection from environment, providing us with an emotional sense of boundary, creating sensual awareness to communication with the "outside" world e.g. feeling pleasure or pain signals that are vital to our survival and well being.. How our skin feels physically often determines the way we feel emotionally.
Our skin is one way that we communicate information about ourselves to others. We blush, turn pale, signal "worry" or "stress"with wrinkles in our forehead or around our eyes and mouth. Our skin often is used by others to form an impression of our age, how much we are indoors or outdoors and our activity, through scars, wrinkles, colors, and texture of our skin. Our skin is a signal to ourselves and others about our overall health internally, externally, physically and emotionally. "How do I look?" i.e. "What are others seeing and, perhaps, thinking about me?", is a question about the appearance of our skin. This information comes from the tone, texture, firmness, and aroma of our skin.
Our skin is one of the largest "organs" of our body composing about 10% of our body weight. Our skin entirely replaces it's surface about every 60 to 90 days. Our skin eliminates waste, toxins, sends signals to our internal bodies, and actually breathes. Disturbances in our skin, e.g. eruptions, dryness, oil, rash, "age spots" wrinkles, blotches, etc are often an indication of our internal health..
Many of us have used synthetic prescription drugs, lotions, or creams, to care for our skin. Often these synthetic substances are accompanied by undesired and sometimes harmful "side effects". Our bodies are designed by nature to absorb and use substances that are natural. When an "unnatural", i.e. synthetic substance, is introduced into or on our body, it "interprets" that synthetic, unnatural substance as "foreign"or as an "invader".Our body protects itself either through the production of antibodies from our immune system or does not absorb these synthetic substances.
In contrast, our body readily recognizes, absorbs and uses natural substances as the appropriate material to use to build, repair and sustain itself. Our skin operates in the same way as the rest of our body in terms of what it will or will not absorb and use. Natural substances are recognized by our skin, internally and externally, as "welcome" ingredients for use in building, repairing, and sustaining itself.
There are many natural anti-aging skin care products we can use topically on the outer surface of our skin. All natural anti-aging skin care products contain vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, essential fatty acids, and aromas from nature that our skin readily recognizes as appropriate for use. All natural lotions and ointments, help our skin to maintain it's healthy tone, texture, elasticity, aroma and to repair injury, discard waste, breathe properly, sense appropriately, release used skin cells, build new skin cells, protect us, and improve our appearance.. These all natural products contain amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, herbs, enzymes, aromatherapy oils, and other natural substances that support our skin health.
Remember that the most important factor in the health of our skin is our internal physical health. An important aspect of anti-aging skin care is healthy digestion and elimination. Our intestinal system is responsible for absorbing food, nutrients, and water and for eliminating waste and toxins from our bodies. When our intestinal digestive system is overwhelmed, it places an extra burden on our skin to increase it's waste disposal function. When our skin's waste disposal function becomes overwhelmed, we develop skin disorders.
This is particularly true when we are tying to digest processed foods, dairy products, or other foods lacking fiber. Food becomes putrefied and toxic because it cannot be processed or eliminated properly. Our skin then attempts to remove these toxins. Pores may become clogged, inflamed, discolored, dry, or oily. If we want healthy anti-aging skin, we need to keep our intestinal digestive system functioning properly. We can help our digestive system with all natural enzymes, essential fatty acids, probiotics and fiber.
Digestive enzymes reduce large food particles so that the body can absorb nutrients and the entire body, skin included, benefits. Discolored skin, wrinkles, or blemishes, can be signs of enzyme deficiency and the loss of collagen that accompanies it. Digestive enzymes reduce free radical damage, help us remove toxins and maintain a healthy balance of beneficial intestinal microflora. Probiotics provide and maintain a healthy balance of intestinal flora, vital to our intestinal digestive health and, in turn, the health of our skin.
Beneficial flora promotes the health bacteria we need and destroys harmful bacteria that can lead to illness and infection. Unfortunately, synthetic prescription antibiotics destroy the good bacteria along with the harmful bacteria. Probiotics help restore the healthy microflora and bacteria after synthetic antibiotic use. Probiotics also help the skin to have healthy bacteria it needs and eliminate the growth of harmful bacteria.
All natural vitamins such as Vitamins A, C, and E are essential for anti-aging skin care. Vitamin A is needed for skin cell growth and renewal. Vitamin A is an antioxidant that fights free radicals, provides nourishment for the fat layer under the skin. Vitamin A deficiency results in dry, rough skin, eruptions, wrinkles, poor texture and tone.
Vitamin C helps repair skin by building collagen and fighting infection. Vitamin C deficiency is connected to aging and ultra violet ray damage. Vitamin E also protects our skin from UV damage, reduces free radicals on our skin surface, and helps prevent the peroxidation of fats which results in skin cell damage.
All natural herbs improve complexion, help remove heat, toxins and swelling from our skin. Herbs can help lighten skin and maintain natural skin moisture..Herbs help prevent scar formation and facilitate new healthy skin growth.
Amino Acids fight harmful bacteria and viruses. Amino acids help carry vital oxygen throughout the body helping our skin breathe. Amino acids are part of facilitating enzyme efficiency and hormonal balance which is a major aspect of anti-aging skin care. Amino acids help stimulate collagen production. Collagen is the tissue that determines skin firmness. By increasing the production of collagen, amino acids can help our skin retain it's firmness, therefore reducing lines and wrinkles.
Essential fatty acids, EFAs, help our skin to become softer, smoother, and retain proper moisture content. Essential fatty acids have a very beneficial effect an the synthesis of prostaglandin hormones in our skin cells. Omega 3, an essential fatty acid, greatly benefits skin texture and may also help prevent the development of skin cancer and aging of our skin.
Our bodies produce Hyaluronic acid which is found to be abundant in young skin. The affects of aging and environment gradually reduces the amount of hyaluronic acid our bodies produce and maintain. Hyaluronic acid is important for our body's connective tissue, especially in our skin. Hyaluronic acid also helps to cushion, lubricate and provide needed flexibility for our skin.
Alpha Lipoic Acid is becoming well known for it's anti-aging effects and is a potent antioxidant that combats skin damage and helps repair past skin damage. Alpha lipoic acid provides great free radical defense especially when combined with other anti-aging antioxidants.Alpha lipoic acid is soluble in both oil and water. Alpha lipoic acid enhances the benefits of vitamins C and E and Coenzyme Q 10.
Coenzyme Q 10 helps decrease cellular oxidation in skin that accompanies aging. CoQ10 enters the layers of the epidermis and reduces the level of oxidation.. CoQ10 helps protect against UV light. CoQ10 activates phosphotyrosine kinases which prevents oxidation damage. CoQ10 is a very important natural nutrient for anti-aging skin care.
Our natural skin requires natural anti-aging skin care. Many all natural anti-aging skin care nutrients are available for us. They include amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, anti-aging antioxidants and anti-aging skin care formulas. We can help our skin externally through the use of topical all natural lotions, ointments, creams and solutions. We can keep our skin healthy internally through the use of all natural supplements, vitamins and formulas.
Our skin keeps our internal system in place and protects our internal structure. Our skin provides valuable information about our overall health. Our skin is important not only for our appearance, but more vitally, for our complete well being.
Our skin is of vital importance to our health. Our skin is responsible for providing protection from environment, providing us with an emotional sense of boundary, creating sensual awareness to communication with the "outside" world e.g. feeling pleasure or pain signals that are vital to our survival and well being.. How our skin feels physically often determines the way we feel emotionally.
Our skin is one way that we communicate information about ourselves to others. We blush, turn pale, signal "worry" or "stress"with wrinkles in our forehead or around our eyes and mouth. Our skin often is used by others to form an impression of our age, how much we are indoors or outdoors and our activity, through scars, wrinkles, colors, and texture of our skin. Our skin is a signal to ourselves and others about our overall health internally, externally, physically and emotionally. "How do I look?" i.e. "What are others seeing and, perhaps, thinking about me?", is a question about the appearance of our skin. This information comes from the tone, texture, firmness, and aroma of our skin.
Our skin is one of the largest "organs" of our body composing about 10% of our body weight. Our skin entirely replaces it's surface about every 60 to 90 days. Our skin eliminates waste, toxins, sends signals to our internal bodies, and actually breathes. Disturbances in our skin, e.g. eruptions, dryness, oil, rash, "age spots" wrinkles, blotches, etc are often an indication of our internal health..
Many of us have used synthetic prescription drugs, lotions, or creams, to care for our skin. Often these synthetic substances are accompanied by undesired and sometimes harmful "side effects". Our bodies are designed by nature to absorb and use substances that are natural. When an "unnatural", i.e. synthetic substance, is introduced into or on our body, it "interprets" that synthetic, unnatural substance as "foreign"or as an "invader".Our body protects itself either through the production of antibodies from our immune system or does not absorb these synthetic substances.
In contrast, our body readily recognizes, absorbs and uses natural substances as the appropriate material to use to build, repair and sustain itself. Our skin operates in the same way as the rest of our body in terms of what it will or will not absorb and use. Natural substances are recognized by our skin, internally and externally, as "welcome" ingredients for use in building, repairing, and sustaining itself.
There are many natural anti-aging skin care products we can use topically on the outer surface of our skin. All natural anti-aging skin care products contain vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, amino acids, essential fatty acids, and aromas from nature that our skin readily recognizes as appropriate for use. All natural lotions and ointments, help our skin to maintain it's healthy tone, texture, elasticity, aroma and to repair injury, discard waste, breathe properly, sense appropriately, release used skin cells, build new skin cells, protect us, and improve our appearance.. These all natural products contain amino acids, vitamins, antioxidants, herbs, enzymes, aromatherapy oils, and other natural substances that support our skin health.
Remember that the most important factor in the health of our skin is our internal physical health. An important aspect of anti-aging skin care is healthy digestion and elimination. Our intestinal system is responsible for absorbing food, nutrients, and water and for eliminating waste and toxins from our bodies. When our intestinal digestive system is overwhelmed, it places an extra burden on our skin to increase it's waste disposal function. When our skin's waste disposal function becomes overwhelmed, we develop skin disorders.
This is particularly true when we are tying to digest processed foods, dairy products, or other foods lacking fiber. Food becomes putrefied and toxic because it cannot be processed or eliminated properly. Our skin then attempts to remove these toxins. Pores may become clogged, inflamed, discolored, dry, or oily. If we want healthy anti-aging skin, we need to keep our intestinal digestive system functioning properly. We can help our digestive system with all natural enzymes, essential fatty acids, probiotics and fiber.
Digestive enzymes reduce large food particles so that the body can absorb nutrients and the entire body, skin included, benefits. Discolored skin, wrinkles, or blemishes, can be signs of enzyme deficiency and the loss of collagen that accompanies it. Digestive enzymes reduce free radical damage, help us remove toxins and maintain a healthy balance of beneficial intestinal microflora. Probiotics provide and maintain a healthy balance of intestinal flora, vital to our intestinal digestive health and, in turn, the health of our skin.
Beneficial flora promotes the health bacteria we need and destroys harmful bacteria that can lead to illness and infection. Unfortunately, synthetic prescription antibiotics destroy the good bacteria along with the harmful bacteria. Probiotics help restore the healthy microflora and bacteria after synthetic antibiotic use. Probiotics also help the skin to have healthy bacteria it needs and eliminate the growth of harmful bacteria.
All natural vitamins such as Vitamins A, C, and E are essential for anti-aging skin care. Vitamin A is needed for skin cell growth and renewal. Vitamin A is an antioxidant that fights free radicals, provides nourishment for the fat layer under the skin. Vitamin A deficiency results in dry, rough skin, eruptions, wrinkles, poor texture and tone.
Vitamin C helps repair skin by building collagen and fighting infection. Vitamin C deficiency is connected to aging and ultra violet ray damage. Vitamin E also protects our skin from UV damage, reduces free radicals on our skin surface, and helps prevent the peroxidation of fats which results in skin cell damage.
All natural herbs improve complexion, help remove heat, toxins and swelling from our skin. Herbs can help lighten skin and maintain natural skin moisture..Herbs help prevent scar formation and facilitate new healthy skin growth.
Amino Acids fight harmful bacteria and viruses. Amino acids help carry vital oxygen throughout the body helping our skin breathe. Amino acids are part of facilitating enzyme efficiency and hormonal balance which is a major aspect of anti-aging skin care. Amino acids help stimulate collagen production. Collagen is the tissue that determines skin firmness. By increasing the production of collagen, amino acids can help our skin retain it's firmness, therefore reducing lines and wrinkles.
Essential fatty acids, EFAs, help our skin to become softer, smoother, and retain proper moisture content. Essential fatty acids have a very beneficial effect an the synthesis of prostaglandin hormones in our skin cells. Omega 3, an essential fatty acid, greatly benefits skin texture and may also help prevent the development of skin cancer and aging of our skin.
Our bodies produce Hyaluronic acid which is found to be abundant in young skin. The affects of aging and environment gradually reduces the amount of hyaluronic acid our bodies produce and maintain. Hyaluronic acid is important for our body's connective tissue, especially in our skin. Hyaluronic acid also helps to cushion, lubricate and provide needed flexibility for our skin.
Alpha Lipoic Acid is becoming well known for it's anti-aging effects and is a potent antioxidant that combats skin damage and helps repair past skin damage. Alpha lipoic acid provides great free radical defense especially when combined with other anti-aging antioxidants.Alpha lipoic acid is soluble in both oil and water. Alpha lipoic acid enhances the benefits of vitamins C and E and Coenzyme Q 10.
Coenzyme Q 10 helps decrease cellular oxidation in skin that accompanies aging. CoQ10 enters the layers of the epidermis and reduces the level of oxidation.. CoQ10 helps protect against UV light. CoQ10 activates phosphotyrosine kinases which prevents oxidation damage. CoQ10 is a very important natural nutrient for anti-aging skin care.
Our natural skin requires natural anti-aging skin care. Many all natural anti-aging skin care nutrients are available for us. They include amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, anti-aging antioxidants and anti-aging skin care formulas. We can help our skin externally through the use of topical all natural lotions, ointments, creams and solutions. We can keep our skin healthy internally through the use of all natural supplements, vitamins and formulas.
Our skin keeps our internal system in place and protects our internal structure. Our skin provides valuable information about our overall health. Our skin is important not only for our appearance, but more vitally, for our complete well being.
Sunday, December 9, 2007
Organic Skincare - Tips For Natural Skin Care
Organic Skincare - Tips For Natural Skin Care by Franchis
Natural skin care is the care of the skin (the largest organ of the body) using naturally-derived ingredients (such as herbs, roots, essential oils and flowers) combined with naturally occurring carrier agents, preservatives, surfactants, humectants and emulsifiers (everything from natural soap to oils to pure water). The classic definition of natural skin care is based on using botanically sourced ingredients currently existing in or formed by nature, without the use of synthetic chemicals, and manufactured in such a way to preserve the integrity of the ingredients. Natural skin care is the care of the skin (the largest organ of the body) using naturally-derived ingredients (such as herbs, roots, essential oils and flowers) combined with naturally occurring carrier agents, preservatives, surfactants, humectants and emulsifiers. For foot freshness ,soak them for a few minutes in cold salted water. Cider vinegar can be added to the water instead of salt. Cider vinegar is said to cure itchiness of feet.
Skin is mostly due to the lack of proteins, vitamin B and vitamin C. Protein foods supply all the amino-acids essential for keeping your skin youthfu and prove helpful for skin care. Ingredients as Chamomile have demonstrated healing and anti-inflammatory properties when applied topically. Facial skin is very thin and more sensitive to irritants and allergens then the rest of the body. Using face packs and masks helps to regain the hidden lost charm of your skin
Cleansing is the most important aspect of skin-care. Vitamin E has been known to improve moisturization, softness and smoothness and also provide modest photoprotection. Hot water dissolves skin oil better than lukewarm or cold water. Drink plenty of water as oily skin may also be dehydrated - the oiliness of the skin will hide the lack of moisture. Try to drink 2 litres of water a day. Healthy diet and plenty of drinking water to stay hydrated from the inside out. Foods rich in vitamin E include almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds, broccoli, wheat germ, peanuts and vegetable oils. Vitamin A is essential for healthy skin. The most popular and effective skin-care regime, which yields maximum benefit to the skin, comprises the cleansing, toning, moisturizing and conditioning routines.
Natural Skin Care Tips
1. Marvel milk treatment: Mix together 50 grams dried pea powder, lemon juice, one pinch of camphor and a little milk. Apply it over the face and leave it for 15 minutes and scrub it off with milk. This is good for treating scars.
2. Moisturizing and conditioning routines conclude the daily skin-care.
3. Healthy diet and plenty of drinking water to stay hydrated from the inside out
4. Toning The SkinToners not only cleanse the skin further and help in removing any remnants of particles that you may have left behind but also cools, nourishes, hydrates and freshens up your skin.
5. Avoid Excess SugarMost people do not realize this but excess sugar is considered one of the main causes of premature aging. The more sugar we eat, the more sugar we have entering our bloodstream. Over time, this can result in a process known as glycation, which is when a glucose (sugar) molecule damages a protein molecule by sticking to it.
Natural skin care is the care of the skin (the largest organ of the body) using naturally-derived ingredients (such as herbs, roots, essential oils and flowers) combined with naturally occurring carrier agents, preservatives, surfactants, humectants and emulsifiers (everything from natural soap to oils to pure water). The classic definition of natural skin care is based on using botanically sourced ingredients currently existing in or formed by nature, without the use of synthetic chemicals, and manufactured in such a way to preserve the integrity of the ingredients. Natural skin care is the care of the skin (the largest organ of the body) using naturally-derived ingredients (such as herbs, roots, essential oils and flowers) combined with naturally occurring carrier agents, preservatives, surfactants, humectants and emulsifiers. For foot freshness ,soak them for a few minutes in cold salted water. Cider vinegar can be added to the water instead of salt. Cider vinegar is said to cure itchiness of feet.
Skin is mostly due to the lack of proteins, vitamin B and vitamin C. Protein foods supply all the amino-acids essential for keeping your skin youthfu and prove helpful for skin care. Ingredients as Chamomile have demonstrated healing and anti-inflammatory properties when applied topically. Facial skin is very thin and more sensitive to irritants and allergens then the rest of the body. Using face packs and masks helps to regain the hidden lost charm of your skin
Cleansing is the most important aspect of skin-care. Vitamin E has been known to improve moisturization, softness and smoothness and also provide modest photoprotection. Hot water dissolves skin oil better than lukewarm or cold water. Drink plenty of water as oily skin may also be dehydrated - the oiliness of the skin will hide the lack of moisture. Try to drink 2 litres of water a day. Healthy diet and plenty of drinking water to stay hydrated from the inside out. Foods rich in vitamin E include almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds, broccoli, wheat germ, peanuts and vegetable oils. Vitamin A is essential for healthy skin. The most popular and effective skin-care regime, which yields maximum benefit to the skin, comprises the cleansing, toning, moisturizing and conditioning routines.
Natural Skin Care Tips
1. Marvel milk treatment: Mix together 50 grams dried pea powder, lemon juice, one pinch of camphor and a little milk. Apply it over the face and leave it for 15 minutes and scrub it off with milk. This is good for treating scars.
2. Moisturizing and conditioning routines conclude the daily skin-care.
3. Healthy diet and plenty of drinking water to stay hydrated from the inside out
4. Toning The SkinToners not only cleanse the skin further and help in removing any remnants of particles that you may have left behind but also cools, nourishes, hydrates and freshens up your skin.
5. Avoid Excess SugarMost people do not realize this but excess sugar is considered one of the main causes of premature aging. The more sugar we eat, the more sugar we have entering our bloodstream. Over time, this can result in a process known as glycation, which is when a glucose (sugar) molecule damages a protein molecule by sticking to it.
Wednesday, December 5, 2007
Environmental Care During A Camping Trip
Environmental Care During A Camping Trip
When you go camping, it’s not only your family and the persons you’re with, you are responsible of. When you go camping, it’s not only your personal items you should take care of. When you go camping, it’s not only your tent or your RV or your sleeping cot that you have to look after.
What most people don’t realize is that when they go camping, they are also responsible in taking care of the environment and making sure they do not do anything that is harmful to nature.
One thing you should remember when going camping is to dispose of your trash properly. Never leave any trash behind or worse throw them in lakes or streams. Instead you should always have trash bags ready and take them with you when you leave the campsite. It’s even better if you segregate your garbage and placing biodegradable and non biodegradable trash in different containers. Be sure to dispose of these trash bags properly
Second, respect the creatures and the wildlife that live in the forest or park you’re camping in. It’s their home and you shouldn’t do anything that may disturb or harm them. Hunting is an activity largely criticized by environmentalists. Those who take pleasure from hurting animals and seeing them cry in pain do not have respect for Mother Nature. There are nature friendly activities you can engage in when you want to marvel at these creatures like bird watching.
Second, respect the creatures and the wildlife that live in the forest or park you’re camping in. It’s their home and you shouldn’t do anything that may disturb or harm them. Hunting is an activity largely criticized by environmentalists. Those who take pleasure from hurting animals and seeing them cry in pain do not have respect for Mother Nature. There are nature friendly activities you can engage in when you want to marvel at these creatures like bird watching.
Third, don’t follow tips that are harmful to nature like the hairspray tip which encourages you to use a hairspray to get rid off insects. Hairspray contains substances which are contributory to the depletion of the ozone layer and to global warming. If you want to protect yourself from ticks and mosquitoes, just apply insect repellent lotion on your skin. When using soap, choose those that are biodegradable. Also opt for paper bags instead of plastic bags. But if you can’t avoid using plastic bags, make sure that you recycle them.
Fourth, never leave a mark behind. Leave the campsite the way it is. Nix any ideas of your son to carve out his initials on the trees. Discourage your friend from vandalizing on the large rock and writing, “Joe was here”. Also, never leave a campfire attended because this is dangerous and may start a fire in the campsite.
Fifth, it is a very good idea to use environmental friendly camping equipment. For many years, many human practices and equipment have caused for the deterioration of the environment. That’s why when you go camping it is imperative that you choose camping gears like Coleman heaters that are safe for the environment. The Coleman BlackCat Catalytic heater for instance operates on clean-burning propane that is earth friendly.
Always be concerned with the environment in whatever activity you’re doing, whether it’s camping or any other activity. Remember, there’s no place like home and we should do everything to take care of our Mother Earth.
When you go camping, it’s not only your family and the persons you’re with, you are responsible of. When you go camping, it’s not only your personal items you should take care of. When you go camping, it’s not only your tent or your RV or your sleeping cot that you have to look after.
What most people don’t realize is that when they go camping, they are also responsible in taking care of the environment and making sure they do not do anything that is harmful to nature.
One thing you should remember when going camping is to dispose of your trash properly. Never leave any trash behind or worse throw them in lakes or streams. Instead you should always have trash bags ready and take them with you when you leave the campsite. It’s even better if you segregate your garbage and placing biodegradable and non biodegradable trash in different containers. Be sure to dispose of these trash bags properly
Second, respect the creatures and the wildlife that live in the forest or park you’re camping in. It’s their home and you shouldn’t do anything that may disturb or harm them. Hunting is an activity largely criticized by environmentalists. Those who take pleasure from hurting animals and seeing them cry in pain do not have respect for Mother Nature. There are nature friendly activities you can engage in when you want to marvel at these creatures like bird watching.
Second, respect the creatures and the wildlife that live in the forest or park you’re camping in. It’s their home and you shouldn’t do anything that may disturb or harm them. Hunting is an activity largely criticized by environmentalists. Those who take pleasure from hurting animals and seeing them cry in pain do not have respect for Mother Nature. There are nature friendly activities you can engage in when you want to marvel at these creatures like bird watching.
Third, don’t follow tips that are harmful to nature like the hairspray tip which encourages you to use a hairspray to get rid off insects. Hairspray contains substances which are contributory to the depletion of the ozone layer and to global warming. If you want to protect yourself from ticks and mosquitoes, just apply insect repellent lotion on your skin. When using soap, choose those that are biodegradable. Also opt for paper bags instead of plastic bags. But if you can’t avoid using plastic bags, make sure that you recycle them.
Fourth, never leave a mark behind. Leave the campsite the way it is. Nix any ideas of your son to carve out his initials on the trees. Discourage your friend from vandalizing on the large rock and writing, “Joe was here”. Also, never leave a campfire attended because this is dangerous and may start a fire in the campsite.
Fifth, it is a very good idea to use environmental friendly camping equipment. For many years, many human practices and equipment have caused for the deterioration of the environment. That’s why when you go camping it is imperative that you choose camping gears like Coleman heaters that are safe for the environment. The Coleman BlackCat Catalytic heater for instance operates on clean-burning propane that is earth friendly.
Always be concerned with the environment in whatever activity you’re doing, whether it’s camping or any other activity. Remember, there’s no place like home and we should do everything to take care of our Mother Earth.
Thursday, November 29, 2007
Kids "reinvent The Environment"
Kids "reinvent The Environment" - by Wendy Mitchell
As the old saying goes, "one man's trash is another man's treasure," and now kids nationwide are taking something old and making it new and functional for a good cause-to protect the environment.While recycling has grown in general during the past 20 years, recycling of specific materials has grown even more drastically. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, 50 percent of all paper, 34 percent of all plastic soft-drink bottles, 45 percent of all aluminum beer and soft-drink cans, 63 percent of all steel packaging, and 67 percent of all major appliances are now recycled
To support future generations of recyclers, Doubletree Hotels' Teaching Kids to CARE initiative is educating elementary school students about their roles in caring for the environment by challenging them to create fun solutions that could some day save the Earth. Students will work hand in hand with teachers and hotel team members to "imagine" how they would turn recyclable household products into "eco-friendly" solutions that help the environment.
For those parents and teachers wanting to encourage their kids and students to increase their eco-friendly practices, here are a few tips:
1. No trash week-Challenge your family or class to lower their trash output. Several easy tips to follow include using reusable bags when shopping at the grocery store and bringing plastic storage containers (or even better, reused jars or plastic tubs) for leftovers with you when you eat out.
2. Buy recycled materials- Encourage kids to be environmentally accountable by being responsible purchasers. Recycled paper towels, plastic waste bags and inkjet cartridges are just a few of the items available. The EPA estimates that one ton of recycled paper also saves 2,000 kilowatt hours of electricity, 3,000 gallons of water and keeps 30 pounds of air pollution out of the sky.
3. Cut out bottled water-Each year more than 4 billion pounds of plastic bottles end up in landfills or as roadside litter. Plastic bottles also require massive amounts of fossil fuels to manufacture and transport. Instead, encourage the use of sturdy plastic bottles which can be repeatedly filled and washed.
4. Use the "off" switch-Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room and powering off major appliances. Make a game of it and create a family or class chart and recognize efforts by tallying points for turning off lights and the television, etc. Reward kids with a special treat.
5. Recharge those batteries-Purchase rechargeable batteries and teach your children how to recharge batteries for their toys. This not only helps to reduce garbage, but also keeps toxic metals such as mercury (found in some batteries) from getting into the environment.
As the old saying goes, "one man's trash is another man's treasure," and now kids nationwide are taking something old and making it new and functional for a good cause-to protect the environment.While recycling has grown in general during the past 20 years, recycling of specific materials has grown even more drastically. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, 50 percent of all paper, 34 percent of all plastic soft-drink bottles, 45 percent of all aluminum beer and soft-drink cans, 63 percent of all steel packaging, and 67 percent of all major appliances are now recycled
To support future generations of recyclers, Doubletree Hotels' Teaching Kids to CARE initiative is educating elementary school students about their roles in caring for the environment by challenging them to create fun solutions that could some day save the Earth. Students will work hand in hand with teachers and hotel team members to "imagine" how they would turn recyclable household products into "eco-friendly" solutions that help the environment.
For those parents and teachers wanting to encourage their kids and students to increase their eco-friendly practices, here are a few tips:
1. No trash week-Challenge your family or class to lower their trash output. Several easy tips to follow include using reusable bags when shopping at the grocery store and bringing plastic storage containers (or even better, reused jars or plastic tubs) for leftovers with you when you eat out.
2. Buy recycled materials- Encourage kids to be environmentally accountable by being responsible purchasers. Recycled paper towels, plastic waste bags and inkjet cartridges are just a few of the items available. The EPA estimates that one ton of recycled paper also saves 2,000 kilowatt hours of electricity, 3,000 gallons of water and keeps 30 pounds of air pollution out of the sky.
3. Cut out bottled water-Each year more than 4 billion pounds of plastic bottles end up in landfills or as roadside litter. Plastic bottles also require massive amounts of fossil fuels to manufacture and transport. Instead, encourage the use of sturdy plastic bottles which can be repeatedly filled and washed.
4. Use the "off" switch-Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room and powering off major appliances. Make a game of it and create a family or class chart and recognize efforts by tallying points for turning off lights and the television, etc. Reward kids with a special treat.
5. Recharge those batteries-Purchase rechargeable batteries and teach your children how to recharge batteries for their toys. This not only helps to reduce garbage, but also keeps toxic metals such as mercury (found in some batteries) from getting into the environment.
Tuesday, November 20, 2007
Burn The Fat 3 Steps To Fat Loss And Keeping It Off by Doug Philp
Burn The Fat 3 Steps To Fat Loss And Keeping It Off by Doug Philp
When most people consider losing weight and getting into shape brutal honesty predicts the vast majority will fail every time they try to burn the fat off.
Why?
Because virtually every single person who decides to lose weight goes on a diet. And 'going on a diet' also means there will come a time to 'go off the diet' too. The dirty little secret about dieting is you start and you stop diets. They are bound to make you fail in your goal to get fit.
So what does a person do? There is three things I recommend.
First, do not go on a diet. Crazy suggestion huh? Sure you might burn off fat quickly with a diet but you are going to most likely see that weight loss come right back. Here is another dirty little secret, the way you eat right now, this is a diet. Actually the way you eat at all times is your diet. And most of us have a very poor diet. This is why we are over-weight.
Second, change the way you eat. Take the time to learn the way to healthy eating. Discover what foods to avoid and those to eat regularly is the best place to start your research. I am not telling you to get so deep into studying that you never get to actually implementing the changes to your eating habits. Just find out how eating properly can help you obtain your goal of losing weight and getting physically fit.
Third, get your entire family involved with you in changing their eating habits too. And take this approach slowly. Trying to shove everything down their throat all at once will create rebellion. In fact, I would share with them the information you are learning about proper eating all along while you learn it yourself. Make this learning fascinating and watch your kids(the young ones at least) enthusiastically join with you. Your spouse and any teenage kids will be a different story as they will likely resist. In this case share with them how their participation will really help you fight your battle - watch them come around as a result.
There you go, three simple steps you can use today to get your family involved with you to burn the fat off, and get everyone into better shape. It's a simple plan for success but do not be fooled by that simplicity. And one that you can use for a lifetime.
Doug Philp writes articles for affiliate marketers. Affiliates can use these articles in their marketing campaigns and if the article above is one you can use in your marketing then use it. There are only two conditions: 1) the article must be accompanied by this resource box; 2) all links must remain intact unless you use your affiliate ID in place of mine. Copyright 2007 Doug Philp
When most people consider losing weight and getting into shape brutal honesty predicts the vast majority will fail every time they try to burn the fat off.
Why?
Because virtually every single person who decides to lose weight goes on a diet. And 'going on a diet' also means there will come a time to 'go off the diet' too. The dirty little secret about dieting is you start and you stop diets. They are bound to make you fail in your goal to get fit.
So what does a person do? There is three things I recommend.
First, do not go on a diet. Crazy suggestion huh? Sure you might burn off fat quickly with a diet but you are going to most likely see that weight loss come right back. Here is another dirty little secret, the way you eat right now, this is a diet. Actually the way you eat at all times is your diet. And most of us have a very poor diet. This is why we are over-weight.
Second, change the way you eat. Take the time to learn the way to healthy eating. Discover what foods to avoid and those to eat regularly is the best place to start your research. I am not telling you to get so deep into studying that you never get to actually implementing the changes to your eating habits. Just find out how eating properly can help you obtain your goal of losing weight and getting physically fit.
Third, get your entire family involved with you in changing their eating habits too. And take this approach slowly. Trying to shove everything down their throat all at once will create rebellion. In fact, I would share with them the information you are learning about proper eating all along while you learn it yourself. Make this learning fascinating and watch your kids(the young ones at least) enthusiastically join with you. Your spouse and any teenage kids will be a different story as they will likely resist. In this case share with them how their participation will really help you fight your battle - watch them come around as a result.
There you go, three simple steps you can use today to get your family involved with you to burn the fat off, and get everyone into better shape. It's a simple plan for success but do not be fooled by that simplicity. And one that you can use for a lifetime.
Doug Philp writes articles for affiliate marketers. Affiliates can use these articles in their marketing campaigns and if the article above is one you can use in your marketing then use it. There are only two conditions: 1) the article must be accompanied by this resource box; 2) all links must remain intact unless you use your affiliate ID in place of mine. Copyright 2007 Doug Philp
Hair Removal Cream - Is it Right For You? by Patricia Mitchell
Hair Removal Cream - Is it Right For You? by Patricia Mitchell
Using a hair removal cream is one way to get rid of unwanted body hair. With all the options for hair removal out there, how do you decide which one is right for you? You should know that each method has its good and bad points and knowing some of those can help you determine whether the method will be a good one for you.
Hair removal creams or depilatories are creams or liquids that are applied to various areas of the skin to remove hair. Generally, the cream reacts with the protein structure in the hair so that the hair dissolves and can be washed away with water or wiped off with a washrag or cloth. You can get hair removal creams in most grocery stores or pharmacies. Some are also available by prescription from your doctor, particularly those that are used by women to reduce facial hair growth.
The Pros:
Hair removal creams have a number of advantages over other treatment methods. First, as mentioned above, they are widely available for most individuals and easy to find. You won't have to make appointments or worry about transportation to a treatment facility. Instead, you can use hair removal creams whenever you want in the comfort of your own home. This method can last between several days and several weeks depending on your hair growth rate, but it will generally last longer than shaving.
Another reason that people use hair removal creams is that the method is inexpensive. You don't need to shell out a lot of money for the creams. Even special formulations for the bikini area, face, or other sensitive areas will cost just a few dollars.
The Cons:
Hair removal creams can be messier than other options and the results do only last for a short period of time. In addition, individuals with sensitive skin can suffer from allergic reactions or other skin issues if they use particular creams. The method also tends to be less effective on course hair.
Although some people find the method useful, others find that other hair removal procedures work better for them. Experts recommend that if you are thinking about trying a hair removal cream, you should read the directions and follow them carefully. You may also want to do a small test area to make sure that the chemicals won't react with your skin.
The best hair removal option is the one that works best for you. For some individuals, a hair removal cream works very well, costs little, and can last up to several weeks. Other individuals will discover that another method works best for them.
Using a hair removal cream is one way to get rid of unwanted body hair. With all the options for hair removal out there, how do you decide which one is right for you? You should know that each method has its good and bad points and knowing some of those can help you determine whether the method will be a good one for you.
Hair removal creams or depilatories are creams or liquids that are applied to various areas of the skin to remove hair. Generally, the cream reacts with the protein structure in the hair so that the hair dissolves and can be washed away with water or wiped off with a washrag or cloth. You can get hair removal creams in most grocery stores or pharmacies. Some are also available by prescription from your doctor, particularly those that are used by women to reduce facial hair growth.
The Pros:
Hair removal creams have a number of advantages over other treatment methods. First, as mentioned above, they are widely available for most individuals and easy to find. You won't have to make appointments or worry about transportation to a treatment facility. Instead, you can use hair removal creams whenever you want in the comfort of your own home. This method can last between several days and several weeks depending on your hair growth rate, but it will generally last longer than shaving.
Another reason that people use hair removal creams is that the method is inexpensive. You don't need to shell out a lot of money for the creams. Even special formulations for the bikini area, face, or other sensitive areas will cost just a few dollars.
The Cons:
Hair removal creams can be messier than other options and the results do only last for a short period of time. In addition, individuals with sensitive skin can suffer from allergic reactions or other skin issues if they use particular creams. The method also tends to be less effective on course hair.
Although some people find the method useful, others find that other hair removal procedures work better for them. Experts recommend that if you are thinking about trying a hair removal cream, you should read the directions and follow them carefully. You may also want to do a small test area to make sure that the chemicals won't react with your skin.
The best hair removal option is the one that works best for you. For some individuals, a hair removal cream works very well, costs little, and can last up to several weeks. Other individuals will discover that another method works best for them.
Monday, November 5, 2007
Gamogen - Anti-Aging, Anti Cancer Solution
GAMOGEN. A health supliment from HEALIN ~ Gamat based product #1 choice in Malaysia! Scientific research & health formulation from the coastal water of Langkawi.
To many people, cancer is an unexpected serious fatal disease and death sentence. Unfortunately, many of us have negleted diabetes, depression, muscle fatigue arthritis, weak immunity and decreasing stamina level are associated with aging process.
More than 40% of populations worldwide are on the risk of developing chronic diseases due to aging process.
To many people, cancer is an unexpected serious fatal disease and death sentence. Unfortunately, many of us have negleted diabetes, depression, muscle fatigue arthritis, weak immunity and decreasing stamina level are associated with aging process.
More than 40% of populations worldwide are on the risk of developing chronic diseases due to aging process.
GAMOGEN are the most effective and ideal health supplemet to heal and fight against aging.
CARE FOR YOUR HEALTH PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE !
GAMOGEN is all natural formula that works wonders in reversing your ageing cell in your body. GAMOGEN has been clinically proven to increase your body's immune system, increase your blood circulation, promote vitality, skin appearance and the general well being.
This unique and complete formula helps maximize body's ability to rejuvenate (replacing and getting rid of old and toxic cells in your body and reprocuctive system). It contains Gamodulin, a polypeptide molecule that plays a vital role in rejuvenating body cells and promote healing and vitality.
An amazing ideal supplement fortified with precise amount of chlorella, omega 3 & 6, beta carotena, vitamin B complex, vitamin E, amino acids and energizing nutrients that effectively fight ageingand cancer, relieve stress, boost immune system, increase your heart and lung performance and combat fatigue.
Tuesday, October 16, 2007
The 2008 SLK280 Roadster
Dimensions
Exterior Dimensions
Wheelbase 95.7 in
Overall length 160.7 in
Overall height 51.0 in (top up)
Overall width 70.4 in
Front track 60.2 in
Rear track 61.0 in
Coefficient of drag 0.33 cd (top up)
Curb weight 3,255 lb (automatic) 3,215 lb (manual)
Interior Dimensions
Headroom 37.9 in
Legroom 42.5 in
Hiproom 54.6 in
Shoulder room 52.2 in
Cabin capacity TBA
Trunk capacity 9.8 cu ft (top up), 6.5 cu ft (top down
Exterior Dimensions
Wheelbase 95.7 in
Overall length 160.7 in
Overall height 51.0 in (top up)
Overall width 70.4 in
Front track 60.2 in
Rear track 61.0 in
Coefficient of drag 0.33 cd (top up)
Curb weight 3,255 lb (automatic) 3,215 lb (manual)
Interior Dimensions
Headroom 37.9 in
Legroom 42.5 in
Hiproom 54.6 in
Shoulder room 52.2 in
Cabin capacity TBA
Trunk capacity 9.8 cu ft (top up), 6.5 cu ft (top down
Honda CBR600F4
Engine specifications
Engine type - 20 valve DOHC, 4-cyl. in line
Displacement - 599cc
Bore x Stroke - 67x42,5 mm
Compression ratio - 12:1
Max. power - 110 bhp at 12.500 rpm
Max. Torque - 67 nm at 10.500 rpm
Transmission type - 6 speed constant mesh
Carburation - 4 36,5 mm Keihin CV Downdraft
Exhaust - 4-2-2
Chassis specifications
Frame type - Aluminium Frame
Overall length - n.a.
Overall width - n.a.
Overall height - n.a.
Seat height - 810 mm
Wheel base - 1.395 mm
Ground clearance - n.a.
Dry weight - 170 kg
Front suspension - 43 mm telescope fully adjustable
Rear suspension - Braced swinging arm fully adjustable
Front wheel / tyre - 17x3,50" / 120/70 ZR17
Rear wheel / tyre - 17x5,50" / 180/55 ZR17
Front brake - Dual 296 mm disc, 4-piston calipers
Rear brake - Single 220 mm disc, 2-piston caliper
The 2008 GL550 SUV
Engine and Drivetrain
Engine 5,461-cc DOHC 32-valve V-8. Aluminum alloy cylinder block.
Net power 382 hp @ 6,000 rpm
Net torque 391 lb-ft @ 2,800 — 4,800 rpm
Compression ratio 10.7:1
Fuel requirement
Premium unleaded gasoline.
Fuel tank (capacity - reserve) 26.4 gal - 3.4 gal
Fuel and ignition system Sequential multipoint electronic fuel injection and single-spark ignition. 2-stage resonance intake manifold.
Transmission Standard driver-adaptive 7-speed automatic with column shifter. Electronically controlled shifting. The column shifter provides convenient selection of Park, Reverse, Neutral, and Drive. Steering-wheel-mounted shift buttons allow for Touch Shift gear selection. Touch Shift with fingertip shift controls allows driver to manually downshift and allow upshifts in Drive, via rocker buttons behind the upper steering-wheel spokes. Driver-adaptive programming adjusts shift points to the driver's current driving style. Selecting off-road driving program raises shift points automatically. Shift into Optimum Gear programming allows one-touch selection of the best gear for maximum acceleration or engine braking by holding a Touch Shift button in the downshift position for one second. Driver-selectable Comfort mode starts vehicle moving in 2nd gear or 2nd Reverse gear, and upshifts at lower rpm to help improve control on slippery surfaces.
Drive configuration 4-wheel drive, with 50/50 front/rear torque split.
Front and rear axle ratios 3.7:1
Off-road driving program One-button off-road program allows driver to simultaneously engage programming recalibrations of the traction system, antilock brakes, engine management, and automatic transmission designed to enhance control in conditions typical of off-highway driving.1
Downhill Speed Regulation (DSR) Driver-activated DSR automatically modulates the throttle, brakes, and ABS to maintain a preset crawl speed when descending hills. Speed is preprogrammed at 4 mph but may be adjusted between 3 mph and 10 mph via the multifunction steering wheel. DSR can be used when the gear selector is in Drive or Reverse. Driver can override DSR by pressing the accelerator or switching DSR off via its console-mounted switch.
Hill-start assist To help prevent unwanted vehicle rollback when taking off from a stop on uphill or downhill grades (15 percent or over), hill-start assist automatically maintains brake pressure for approximately one second after the driver releases the brake pedal. The system is automatically deactivated when the vehicle is level, the gear selector is in Park or Neutral, or the parking brake is set.
1. Off-road driving should only be attempted by drivers with the necessary skill, experience and understanding of the vehicle's limits.
* MSRP includes $775 transportation and handling charge and excludes all taxes, title/documentary fees, registration, tags, Mercedes-Benz Dealer prep, labor and installation charges, insurance, optional equipment and accessories, certificate of compliance or non-compliance fees, and finance charges. Actual prices may vary by dealer.
All illustrations and specifications contained in this website are based on the latest product information available at the time of posting. Mercedes-Benz reserves the right to make changes at any time, without notice, in colors, materials, equipment, specifications, and models. Any variations in colors shown are due to variations in monitor resolution. Illustrations may include test situations. Some vehicles may be shown with non-U.S. equipment.
Bird Flu Virus Can Infect Fetus
The deadly H5N1 bird flu virus can pass through the placenta of pregnant women and into the fetus, Chinese scientists report.
They also discovered that the virus infects organs other than lungs in adults.
The researchers, from Peking University in Beijing, analyzed tissue samples taken from two people -- a man and a pregnant women -- killed by bird flu, to determine how the virus affects different body organs.
They detected H5N1 genetic material and antigens in the lungs, certain cells in the trachea, the T-cells of the lymph node, neurons in the brain, and in cells of the placenta. They also found H5N1 genetic material in the intestinal mucosa but did not find any antigens there.
The dead woman's fetus had H5N1 genetic material and antigens in the lungs, circulating cells of the immune system, and in cells of the liver.
The findings are published in this week's issue of The Lancet medical journal.
"This study has shown the capacity for human vertical transmission of the H5N1 virus" and this "warrants careful investigation, since maternal infections with common human influenza virus are generally thought not to infect the fetus," the researchers wrote.
This and the finding that H5N1 spreads beyond the lungs in adults "are important in the clinical, pathological and epidemiological investigation of human H5N1 infection, and have implications for public health and health care providers."
They also discovered that the virus infects organs other than lungs in adults.
The researchers, from Peking University in Beijing, analyzed tissue samples taken from two people -- a man and a pregnant women -- killed by bird flu, to determine how the virus affects different body organs.
They detected H5N1 genetic material and antigens in the lungs, certain cells in the trachea, the T-cells of the lymph node, neurons in the brain, and in cells of the placenta. They also found H5N1 genetic material in the intestinal mucosa but did not find any antigens there.
The dead woman's fetus had H5N1 genetic material and antigens in the lungs, circulating cells of the immune system, and in cells of the liver.
The findings are published in this week's issue of The Lancet medical journal.
"This study has shown the capacity for human vertical transmission of the H5N1 virus" and this "warrants careful investigation, since maternal infections with common human influenza virus are generally thought not to infect the fetus," the researchers wrote.
This and the finding that H5N1 spreads beyond the lungs in adults "are important in the clinical, pathological and epidemiological investigation of human H5N1 infection, and have implications for public health and health care providers."
Yamaha YZF R6
Engine specifications
Engine type - 20 valve DOHC, 4-cyl. in line
Displacement - 599cc
Bore x Stroke - 65,5x44,5 mm
Compression ratio - 12,4:1
Max. power - 120 bhp at 13.000 rpm
Max. Torque - 68,1 nm at 11.500 rpm
Transmission type - 6 speed constant mesh
Carburation - 4 37 mm Keihin CV Downdraft
Exhaust - 4-2-1
Chassis specifications
Frame type - Aluminium Deltabox II
Overall length - 2.057 mm
Overall width - 701 mm
Overall height - 1.122 mm
Seat height - 833 mm
Wheel base - 1.381 mm
Ground clearance - 137 mm
Dry weight - 169 kg
Front suspension - 43 mm telescope
Rear suspension - Braced swinging arm
Front wheel / tyre - n.a. / 120/60 ZR17
Rear wheel / tyre - n.a. / 180/55 ZR17
Front brake - Dual 298 mm disc, 4-piston calipers
Rear brake - Single 220 mm disc, 2-piston caliper
Copyright © 1997-1999 B. Gabriëlse
Hepatitis B
1. What is Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. It is usually caused by viral infections, toxic agents or drugs but may be an autoimmune response. It is characterised by jaundice, abdominal pain, liver enlargement and sometimes fever. It may be mild, or can be acute leading to fulminant hepatitis Others, usually viral or alcoholic are chronic, and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The different types of VIRAL hepatitis are A (formerly called infectious hepatitis), B (serum hepatitis), C ( formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis), D (delta hepatitis), E (a virus transmitted through the faeces of an infected person), F, G, cryptogenic (Caused by a virus as yet unidentified).
More hepatitis viruses are being discovered, but may be less common. Other viruses, such as Yellow Fever, Epstien Barr (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) as well as parasites and bacteria, can cause hepatitis as a secondary effect.
Many chemicals are damaging to the liver, as are drugs. The most famous drug which can do damage to the liver (if taken in excess) is acetaminophen (paracetamol).
Other types of hepatitis are: Autoimmune, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, and alcoholic hepatitis.
The various forms of viral hepatitis are caused by different and distinct viruses. Although within each virus there are various strains and mutant viruses. But as they are different treatment, symptoms and prognosis may vary, for further information on A, C, D, E, F and G please consult other sources.
2. What is Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, the virus is very common in Asia, China, Philippines, China, Africa and the Middle east. In Europe and North America the incidence of known carriers is about 1 in a 1000 people. It is estimated that there are 280 million carriers world-wide representing more than 5% of the global population.
2.1 How is Hepatitis B Transmitted
Hepatitis B (HB) is transmitted by the exchange of body fluids e.g. Blood, Semen, Breast Milk and in some circumstances saliva. People most at risk include: Anybody who has unprotected sexual intercourse; IV drug users who share needles and syringes; Health care workers in contact with potentially contaminated blood or body fluids; Babies born to mothers with the virus; Anyone in intimate contact with the infected person. Many cases of acute hepatitis B occur sporadically with no known source and studies have shown that prior unrecognised infection is common.
2.2 What happens when infected with Hepatitis B
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. It is usually caused by viral infections, toxic agents or drugs but may be an autoimmune response. It is characterised by jaundice, abdominal pain, liver enlargement and sometimes fever. It may be mild, or can be acute leading to fulminant hepatitis Others, usually viral or alcoholic are chronic, and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The different types of VIRAL hepatitis are A (formerly called infectious hepatitis), B (serum hepatitis), C ( formerly called non-A, non-B hepatitis), D (delta hepatitis), E (a virus transmitted through the faeces of an infected person), F, G, cryptogenic (Caused by a virus as yet unidentified).
More hepatitis viruses are being discovered, but may be less common. Other viruses, such as Yellow Fever, Epstien Barr (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) as well as parasites and bacteria, can cause hepatitis as a secondary effect.
Many chemicals are damaging to the liver, as are drugs. The most famous drug which can do damage to the liver (if taken in excess) is acetaminophen (paracetamol).
Other types of hepatitis are: Autoimmune, Wilson's disease, hemochromatosis, and alcoholic hepatitis.
The various forms of viral hepatitis are caused by different and distinct viruses. Although within each virus there are various strains and mutant viruses. But as they are different treatment, symptoms and prognosis may vary, for further information on A, C, D, E, F and G please consult other sources.
2. What is Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, the virus is very common in Asia, China, Philippines, China, Africa and the Middle east. In Europe and North America the incidence of known carriers is about 1 in a 1000 people. It is estimated that there are 280 million carriers world-wide representing more than 5% of the global population.
2.1 How is Hepatitis B Transmitted
Hepatitis B (HB) is transmitted by the exchange of body fluids e.g. Blood, Semen, Breast Milk and in some circumstances saliva. People most at risk include: Anybody who has unprotected sexual intercourse; IV drug users who share needles and syringes; Health care workers in contact with potentially contaminated blood or body fluids; Babies born to mothers with the virus; Anyone in intimate contact with the infected person. Many cases of acute hepatitis B occur sporadically with no known source and studies have shown that prior unrecognised infection is common.
2.2 What happens when infected with Hepatitis B
It is possible to be infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and experience no illness or symptoms whatsoever. Commonest is an acute attack of hepatitis during which you may feel unwell, tired and lose your appetite. Sometimes there is the characteristic yellowish colour of jaundice (Fig 1.) best seen in the whites of the eyes. This can last from a few days to a few months. Itching skin and pale stools may also occur. 90% of people infected with hepatitis B recover completely and become immune to the virus. Blood tests will show antibodies to hepatitis B indicating you have had hepatitis B but are now immune and cannot get hepatitis B again. However 10% of people infected with hepatitis B develop chronic infection, may have ongoing symptoms and they continue to be infectious for a variable length of time. Chronic infection is defined as having hepatitis B present for 6 months or more.
People with a chronic hepatitis infection are at risk of liver damage 20-30% of those will progress to cirrhosis.
2.3 How Can I prevent infection
i) Vaccination A safe and effective genetically engineered vaccine for hepatitis B is available. It is given in 3 subcutaneous injections (just under the skin) generally over a period of 6 months and conveys immunity in 90 to 95% of people treated. At the end of the course of injections a blood test is taken to see if you have developed the required antibodies. For the 5 - 10% of people who do not respond some new research has shown that a repeat course of injections given intramuscularly can create an immune response in between 62-98% (depending on several factors) of those who did not respond or whose response did not last when given subcutaneously.
Once vaccinated present it is important to be periodically tested to ensure that the body has sufficient levels of antibodies to prevent infection and a single booster dose may be required every 5 to 10 years to ensure immunity from infection.
At present vaccines are ineffective for those already infected with the hepatitis B virus.
New vaccines are being developed and some of these promise increased response rates, only require a single injection and some may be effective for people with chronic hepatitis B. However these are still in the research stage and not generally available.
ii) After exposure to the virus If an unvaccinated individual is exposed to the virus accidentally, hepatitis B Immune globulin can be given. Ideally within 24 hours of exposure and no later than 7 days after exposure, a repeat dose is necessary 28 - 30 days later. Hepatitis B Immune globulin is generally given where there is a known risk of infection, e.g. via needle stick injury or to new-born infants born to HBsAg positive mothers. In many cases hepatitis B Immune globulin can prevent initial infection with hepatitis B but there are also a significant number of cases where it has not prevented infection after exposure.
3. The hepatitis B virology and immunology
In order to understand what happens when a person is infected with hepatitis B it is helpful to know more about the virus. This section attempts to convey information about the hepatitis B virus, how it reproduces and the human bodies response to the virus. This one chapter could fill a text book, or more, and so the information is simplified.
3.1 What is the Hepatitis B Virus.
Hepatitis B is a DNA Virus of the hepadnaviridae family of viruses. It replicates within infected liver cells (hepatocytes ). The infectious ("Dane") particle consists of an inner core plus an outer surface coat.
In real life (Fig 3.) the virus is a spherical particle with a diameter of 42nm (1nm = 0.000000001 metres) and is composed as follows. There is an outer shell (or envelope) composed of several proteins known collectively as HBs or surface proteins (indicated by 's' in Fig 2.). This outer shell is frequently referred to as the surface coat. The outer surface coat surrounds an inner protein shell, composed of HBc protein (shown as 'c' in Fig 2). This inner shell is referred to as the core particle or capsid. Finally the core particle surrounds the viral DNA ('D') and an enzyme DNA Polymerase ('p').
3.2 How does the virus replicate.
When the virus enters the body of a new host it's initial response, if it's gets past the immune system, is to infect a liver cell. To do this the virus attaches to a liver cells membrane and the core particle enters the liver cell. The core particle then releases it's contents of DNA and DNA polymerase into the liver cell nucleus.
From within the cell nucleus the hepatitis B DNA causes the liver cell to produce, via messenger RNA; surface (HBs) proteins, the core (HBc) protein, DNA polymerase, the HBe protein, HBx protein and possibly other as yet undetected proteins and enzymes.
DNA polymerase causes the liver cell to make copies of hepatitis B DNA. I.e. it is believed that the replication of HBV DNA it does not go via RNA(?). Via the above process, versions of the hepatitis B virus are constructed by the liver cell . These copies of the virus and are released from the liver cell membrane into the blood stream and from there can infect other liver cells and thus replicate effectively. However when reproducing, mistakes may be made in copying viral DNA and this results in different strains and mutant strains of hepatitis B occurring.
The incubation of the Hepatitis B Virus (hepatitis B) is about 6 to 25 weeks (i.e. before physical and generally detectable histological or physical symptoms occur) however there are several biochemical and histological changes that occur in stages after infection with the hepatitis B virus.
3.3 Hepatitis B Antigens and Markers.
The various components produced by hepatitis B, while reproducing, are detailed below. Some of these components enter the blood stream and cause detectable changes, some may only be determined via liver biopsy and others require sophisticated, experimental or unreliable tests.
i) Hepatitis B DNA (HBV DNA) This is one of the first things that can be detected in the bloodstream after initial infection. It can be detected as soon as 1 week after infection using sensitive tests. It is believed that the level of HBV DNA may indicate how fast the virus is replicating(?). The test for HBV DNA is however expensive and difficult to perform, it is therefore not frequently used. Tests for HBV DNA are not performed as a standard test and generally only used as indicators of disease progression, suitability for therapy and research purposes.
ii) Hepatitis B DNA polymerase. (HBV DNA Polymerase, DNAp) This enzyme can be detected in the bloodstream soon after initial infection by hepatitis B at about the same time as HBV DNA. I.e. generally within a 1 week or so after infection. Tests for HBV DNA polymerase are not performed as a standard test and generally only used as indicators of disease progression, suitability for therapy and research purposes.
iii) Hepatitis B Core protein. (HBcAg) The core protein (HBc) is not detectable in the bloodstream, however it can be detected in the sample of liver cells taken after a liver biopsy. Generally the HBc proteins link together to form the hepatitis B core that encapsulate HBV DNA and DNA Polymerase.
iv) Hepatitis B Surface protein(s). (HBsAg) The outer surface coat composed of hepatitis B surface proteins is produced in larger quantities than required for the virus to reproduce. The excess surface proteins clump together into spherical particles of between 17-25nm in diameter but also form rods of variable length. In some cases these particles encapsulate a core particle and produce a complete, and infectious, virus particle that enters the blood stream and can infect other liver cells. The excess spheres, rods and also complete viral particles enter the blood stream in large numbers and are easily detectable. It does however take a while for these proteins to appear.
The incubation of the Hepatitis B Virus (hepatitis B) is between 6 to 25 weeks. After infection and 1 to 6 weeks before symptoms occur HBsAg appears. A positive test for the presence of hepatitis B surface protein (HBsAg), is the standard currently taken to indicate current infection with hepatitis B. If HBsAg is present for more than 6 months this is generally taken to indicate chronic infection.
It is thought that excess HBs proteins produced may allow infectious viral particles to escape the immune system by mopping up any low levels of surface antibodies that may be produced by the immune system(?).
v) HBe Protein. (HBeAg or 'e' antigen) The Hepatitis 'e' antigen (HBeAg) is a peptide and normally detectable in the bloodstream when the hepatitis B virus is actively reproducing, this in turn leads to the person being much more infectious and at a greater risk of progression to liver disease. The exact function of this non structural protein is unknown, however it is thought that HBe may be influential in suppressing the immune systems response to HBV infection(?). HBeAg is generally detectable at the same time as HBsAg and disappears before HBsAg disappears. The presence of HBeAg in chronic infection is generally taken to indicate that HBV is actively reproducing and there is a higher probability of liver damage. In acute infection HBeAg is generally only transiently present.
However mutant strains of HBV exist that replicate without producing HBeAg. In many cases infection with these mutant strains is more aggressive than HBe producing strains(?).
vi) HBx Protein. The function of this protein is not yet known. Although it can be detected current tests are unreliable as other proteins interfere with the results(?).
3.4 How the Human Body Responds to Infection. This section details how the human body responds to an initial infection with hepatitis B. In people with immune suppression, undeveloped immune systems (I.e. infants and children), certain genetic traits or other as yet unknown factors these may not occur.
Round 90% of infected people will recover from Hepatitis B and around half of these will have had no symptoms. Recovery means that no HBsAg is found in the blood and the Hepatitis B Antibody (HBsAb) is present. HBsAb usually persists for life after recovery.
i) Antibodies to HBc (HBcAb). The first detectable antibody to appear around 8 weeks after infection with HBV are antibodies to the HBV core protein. These antibodies to HBcAg (HBcAb) do not neutralise the virus. HBcAb's persist in serum after an infection with HBV has been defeated and testing for this antibody has been used to detect previous exposure to the live virus.
ii) ALT alanine aminotransferase and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). ALT and AST are enzymes produced in liver cells that can be detected in the blood stream. The normal range for ALT is between 0-40. When liver cells are damaged these enzymes are released and elevated levels are detected in serum. The value of ALT in the blood stream is generally taken to be an indicator of the damage that hepatitis causing to liver cells. However damage may be occurring with little or no elevation of ALT (this is especially true for hepatitis C and people with end stage liver disease).
ALT and AST and other substances are measured when a liver function test is taken. However other drugs and especially alcohol can elevate these readings artificially. It is therefore important to avoid these things before a liver function test and/or inform your doctor of any drugs you may be taking or have taken in weeks previous to the test. You may find it useful to keep a record of your ALT to track disease progression and the effects any treatments) you are taking is having.
After an initial infection and at around the same time as HBcAb appears in the blood stream the level of ALT starts to rise sharply. The rise in ALT is due to damage to the liver cells, one theory is that the damage to liver cells is not caused directly by the virus, i.e. the virus does not kill liver cells, but by the human bodies own immune system killing infected and surrounding cells. In patients with compromised immune systems and/or with HIV infection there is increased risk of the infection becoming chronic but damage done by the chronic infection appears mild in comparison to people not infected with HIV. In cases of acute infection ALT starts to drop at around the same time as when the 'e' antigen is no longer detectable and is down to normal when antibodies to the surface antigen appear.
iii) Interferon. When a human cell is exposed to a new virus it usually produces a group of substances known as interferons. It is believed that interferons modulate (alter) the immune system, alter cell membranes to reduce infection of surrounding uninfected cells and also causes many changes. This naturally produced interferon assists the body in fighting hepatitis B. However it was discovered that the interferon response was deficient in some people and also infants/ children with immature immune systems. This finding lead to interferon being considered as a treatment.
iv) Antibodies to HBe protein (HBeAb) Antibodies to the 'e' antigen (HBeAb) normally appears a few weeks after HBeAg is no longer detectable. The presence of HBeAb is generally taken to be a good sign and indicates a favourable prognosis.
v) Antibodies to HBs protein (HBsAb) These are generally the last antibodies to appear. HBsAb can neutralise the hepatitis B virus and there appearance taken as an indicator that an initial infection has been defeated.
HBsAb can also be induced to appear by vaccination and so provide protection against hepatitis B. However the immune response produced by vaccination may not be 100%. Although very rare, hepatitis B infection has occurred in vaccinated individuals. It is believed that this may be due to mutant virus strains that express different surface proteins to those used in the genetically engineered vaccine.
3.2 How does the virus replicate.
When the virus enters the body of a new host it's initial response, if it's gets past the immune system, is to infect a liver cell. To do this the virus attaches to a liver cells membrane and the core particle enters the liver cell. The core particle then releases it's contents of DNA and DNA polymerase into the liver cell nucleus.
From within the cell nucleus the hepatitis B DNA causes the liver cell to produce, via messenger RNA; surface (HBs) proteins, the core (HBc) protein, DNA polymerase, the HBe protein, HBx protein and possibly other as yet undetected proteins and enzymes.
DNA polymerase causes the liver cell to make copies of hepatitis B DNA. I.e. it is believed that the replication of HBV DNA it does not go via RNA(?). Via the above process, versions of the hepatitis B virus are constructed by the liver cell . These copies of the virus and are released from the liver cell membrane into the blood stream and from there can infect other liver cells and thus replicate effectively. However when reproducing, mistakes may be made in copying viral DNA and this results in different strains and mutant strains of hepatitis B occurring.
The incubation of the Hepatitis B Virus (hepatitis B) is about 6 to 25 weeks (i.e. before physical and generally detectable histological or physical symptoms occur) however there are several biochemical and histological changes that occur in stages after infection with the hepatitis B virus.
3.3 Hepatitis B Antigens and Markers.
The various components produced by hepatitis B, while reproducing, are detailed below. Some of these components enter the blood stream and cause detectable changes, some may only be determined via liver biopsy and others require sophisticated, experimental or unreliable tests.
i) Hepatitis B DNA (HBV DNA) This is one of the first things that can be detected in the bloodstream after initial infection. It can be detected as soon as 1 week after infection using sensitive tests. It is believed that the level of HBV DNA may indicate how fast the virus is replicating(?). The test for HBV DNA is however expensive and difficult to perform, it is therefore not frequently used. Tests for HBV DNA are not performed as a standard test and generally only used as indicators of disease progression, suitability for therapy and research purposes.
ii) Hepatitis B DNA polymerase. (HBV DNA Polymerase, DNAp) This enzyme can be detected in the bloodstream soon after initial infection by hepatitis B at about the same time as HBV DNA. I.e. generally within a 1 week or so after infection. Tests for HBV DNA polymerase are not performed as a standard test and generally only used as indicators of disease progression, suitability for therapy and research purposes.
iii) Hepatitis B Core protein. (HBcAg) The core protein (HBc) is not detectable in the bloodstream, however it can be detected in the sample of liver cells taken after a liver biopsy. Generally the HBc proteins link together to form the hepatitis B core that encapsulate HBV DNA and DNA Polymerase.
iv) Hepatitis B Surface protein(s). (HBsAg) The outer surface coat composed of hepatitis B surface proteins is produced in larger quantities than required for the virus to reproduce. The excess surface proteins clump together into spherical particles of between 17-25nm in diameter but also form rods of variable length. In some cases these particles encapsulate a core particle and produce a complete, and infectious, virus particle that enters the blood stream and can infect other liver cells. The excess spheres, rods and also complete viral particles enter the blood stream in large numbers and are easily detectable. It does however take a while for these proteins to appear.
The incubation of the Hepatitis B Virus (hepatitis B) is between 6 to 25 weeks. After infection and 1 to 6 weeks before symptoms occur HBsAg appears. A positive test for the presence of hepatitis B surface protein (HBsAg), is the standard currently taken to indicate current infection with hepatitis B. If HBsAg is present for more than 6 months this is generally taken to indicate chronic infection.
It is thought that excess HBs proteins produced may allow infectious viral particles to escape the immune system by mopping up any low levels of surface antibodies that may be produced by the immune system(?).
v) HBe Protein. (HBeAg or 'e' antigen) The Hepatitis 'e' antigen (HBeAg) is a peptide and normally detectable in the bloodstream when the hepatitis B virus is actively reproducing, this in turn leads to the person being much more infectious and at a greater risk of progression to liver disease. The exact function of this non structural protein is unknown, however it is thought that HBe may be influential in suppressing the immune systems response to HBV infection(?). HBeAg is generally detectable at the same time as HBsAg and disappears before HBsAg disappears. The presence of HBeAg in chronic infection is generally taken to indicate that HBV is actively reproducing and there is a higher probability of liver damage. In acute infection HBeAg is generally only transiently present.
However mutant strains of HBV exist that replicate without producing HBeAg. In many cases infection with these mutant strains is more aggressive than HBe producing strains(?).
vi) HBx Protein. The function of this protein is not yet known. Although it can be detected current tests are unreliable as other proteins interfere with the results(?).
3.4 How the Human Body Responds to Infection. This section details how the human body responds to an initial infection with hepatitis B. In people with immune suppression, undeveloped immune systems (I.e. infants and children), certain genetic traits or other as yet unknown factors these may not occur.
Round 90% of infected people will recover from Hepatitis B and around half of these will have had no symptoms. Recovery means that no HBsAg is found in the blood and the Hepatitis B Antibody (HBsAb) is present. HBsAb usually persists for life after recovery.
i) Antibodies to HBc (HBcAb). The first detectable antibody to appear around 8 weeks after infection with HBV are antibodies to the HBV core protein. These antibodies to HBcAg (HBcAb) do not neutralise the virus. HBcAb's persist in serum after an infection with HBV has been defeated and testing for this antibody has been used to detect previous exposure to the live virus.
ii) ALT alanine aminotransferase and AST (aspartate aminotransferase). ALT and AST are enzymes produced in liver cells that can be detected in the blood stream. The normal range for ALT is between 0-40. When liver cells are damaged these enzymes are released and elevated levels are detected in serum. The value of ALT in the blood stream is generally taken to be an indicator of the damage that hepatitis causing to liver cells. However damage may be occurring with little or no elevation of ALT (this is especially true for hepatitis C and people with end stage liver disease).
ALT and AST and other substances are measured when a liver function test is taken. However other drugs and especially alcohol can elevate these readings artificially. It is therefore important to avoid these things before a liver function test and/or inform your doctor of any drugs you may be taking or have taken in weeks previous to the test. You may find it useful to keep a record of your ALT to track disease progression and the effects any treatments) you are taking is having.
After an initial infection and at around the same time as HBcAb appears in the blood stream the level of ALT starts to rise sharply. The rise in ALT is due to damage to the liver cells, one theory is that the damage to liver cells is not caused directly by the virus, i.e. the virus does not kill liver cells, but by the human bodies own immune system killing infected and surrounding cells. In patients with compromised immune systems and/or with HIV infection there is increased risk of the infection becoming chronic but damage done by the chronic infection appears mild in comparison to people not infected with HIV. In cases of acute infection ALT starts to drop at around the same time as when the 'e' antigen is no longer detectable and is down to normal when antibodies to the surface antigen appear.
iii) Interferon. When a human cell is exposed to a new virus it usually produces a group of substances known as interferons. It is believed that interferons modulate (alter) the immune system, alter cell membranes to reduce infection of surrounding uninfected cells and also causes many changes. This naturally produced interferon assists the body in fighting hepatitis B. However it was discovered that the interferon response was deficient in some people and also infants/ children with immature immune systems. This finding lead to interferon being considered as a treatment.
iv) Antibodies to HBe protein (HBeAb) Antibodies to the 'e' antigen (HBeAb) normally appears a few weeks after HBeAg is no longer detectable. The presence of HBeAb is generally taken to be a good sign and indicates a favourable prognosis.
v) Antibodies to HBs protein (HBsAb) These are generally the last antibodies to appear. HBsAb can neutralise the hepatitis B virus and there appearance taken as an indicator that an initial infection has been defeated.
HBsAb can also be induced to appear by vaccination and so provide protection against hepatitis B. However the immune response produced by vaccination may not be 100%. Although very rare, hepatitis B infection has occurred in vaccinated individuals. It is believed that this may be due to mutant virus strains that express different surface proteins to those used in the genetically engineered vaccine.
The 2008 SLR McLaren Roadster
Dimensions
Exterior Dimensions
Wheelbase 106.3 in
Overall length 183.3 in
Overall height 49.3 in (top up)
Overall width 75.1 in
Front track 64.5 in
Rear track 61.8 in
Coefficient of drag 0.38 cd (top up, AIRBRAKE at 10°)
Curb weight 4,023 lb
Interior Dimensions
Head room 36.1 in
Leg room 44.2 in
Shoulder room TBA
Cabin capacity TBA
Trunk capacity 7.2 cu ft
What Is Virus
In computers, a virus is a program or programming code that replicates by being copied or initiating its copying to another program, computer boot sector or document. Viruses can be transmitted as attachments to an e-mail note or in a downloaded file, or be present on a diskette or CD. The immediate source of the e-mail note, downloaded file, or diskette you've received is usually unaware that it contains a virus. Some viruses wreak their effect as soon as their code is executed; other viruses lie dormant until circumstances cause their code to be executed by the computer. Some viruses are benign or playful in intent and effect ("Happy Birthday, Ludwig!") and some can be quite harmful, erasing data or causing your hard disk to require reformatting. A virus that replicates itself by resending itself as an e-mail attachment or as part of a network message is known as a worm
Generally, there are three main classes of viruses:
File infectors. Some file infector viruses attach themselves to program files, usually selected .COM or .EXE files. Some can infect any program for which execution is requested, including .SYS, .OVL, .PRG, and .MNU files. When the program is loaded, the virus is loaded as well. Other file infector viruses arrive as wholly-contained programs or scripts sent as an attachment to an e-mail note.
System or boot-record infectors. These viruses infect executable code found in certain system areas on a disk. They attach to the DOS boot sector on diskettes or the Masters Boot Recordon hard disks. A typical scenario (familiar to the author) is to receive a diskette from an innocent source that contains a boot disk virus. When your operating system is running, files on the diskette can be read without triggering the boot disk virus. However, if you leave the diskette in the drive, and then turn the computer off or reload the operating system, the computer will look first in your A drive, find the diskette with its boot disk virus, load it, and make it temporarily impossible to use your hard disk. (Allow several days for recovery.) This is why you should make sure you have a bootable floopy
Macro viruses. These are among the most common viruses, and they tend to do the least damage. Macro viruses infect your Microsoft Word application and typically insert unwanted words or phrases.
The best protection against a virus is to know the origin of each program or file you load into your computer or open from your e-mail program. Since this is difficult, you can buy anti virus that can screen e-mail attachments and also check all of your files periodically and remove any viruses that are found. From time to time, you may get an e-mail message warning of a new virus. Unless the warning is from a source you recognize, chances are good that the warning is a virus hoax
The computer virus, of course, gets its name from the biological virus. The word itself comes from a Latin word meaning slimy liquid or poison.
2008 Honda Accord Coupe
SPECIFICATIONDrivetrain: Front Wheel Drive
EPA Fuel Economy Est - City (MPG): 21 (Est)
EPA Fuel Economy Est - Hwy (MPG): 30 (Est)
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs): - TBD -
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Tongue Wt. (lbs): - TBD -
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs): - TBD -
SAE Net Horsepower @ RPM: 190 @ 7000
Final Drive Axle Ratio (:1): 4.44
Cold Cranking Amps @ 0° F (Primary): - TBD -
Rear Wheel Material: Alloy
Capacity/Dimensions
Passenger Capacity: 5
Passenger Volume (ft³): 95.2
Front Wheel Size (in): 17 x 7.5
Rear Wheel Size (in): 17 x 7.5
Spare Wheel Size (in): - TBD -
Steering Type: Pwr rack & pinion
Steering Ratio (:1), Overall: 13.08
Front Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in): 11.1 x - TBD -
Rear Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in): 11.1 x - TBD -
Front Head Room (in): 39.1
Front Leg Room (in): 42.5
Front Shoulder Room (in): 58.4
Wheelbase (in): 107.9
Trunk Volume (ft³): 11.9
EPA Fuel Economy Est - City (MPG): 21 (Est)
EPA Fuel Economy Est - Hwy (MPG): 30 (Est)
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs): - TBD -
Dead Weight Hitch - Max Tongue Wt. (lbs): - TBD -
Wt Distributing Hitch - Max Trailer Wt. (lbs): - TBD -
SAE Net Horsepower @ RPM: 190 @ 7000
Final Drive Axle Ratio (:1): 4.44
Cold Cranking Amps @ 0° F (Primary): - TBD -
Rear Wheel Material: Alloy
Capacity/Dimensions
Passenger Capacity: 5
Passenger Volume (ft³): 95.2
Front Wheel Size (in): 17 x 7.5
Rear Wheel Size (in): 17 x 7.5
Spare Wheel Size (in): - TBD -
Steering Type: Pwr rack & pinion
Steering Ratio (:1), Overall: 13.08
Front Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in): 11.1 x - TBD -
Rear Brake Rotor Diam x Thickness (in): 11.1 x - TBD -
Front Head Room (in): 39.1
Front Leg Room (in): 42.5
Front Shoulder Room (in): 58.4
Wheelbase (in): 107.9
Trunk Volume (ft³): 11.9
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